托： 即托制各類鑲料和托書畫心。鑲料包括綾、絹、錦綾、錦、和鑲紙等?？上葟耐需偧?或覆背紙)入手，掌握了刷漿糊和上托紙的要領(lǐng)后，再學(xué)習托綾絹，學(xué)習調(diào)配顏色水托染綾絹。托書畫心較托料難度大，如果托料出現(xiàn)失敗，這僅是宣紙和綾絹的代價，但如果托心失敗，其后果就嚴重了。所以初學(xué)托心者應(yīng)備加精心，認真對待。學(xué)習托心時，先用各種質(zhì)地較薄、拉力較盡弱的宣紙進行模擬托心。濕心、飛托、搭托等各種托法都要練習幾遍。再準備一些尚無藝術(shù)價值的國畫或書法習作進行試托。經(jīng)過反復(fù)練習，逐漸掌握托心的基本要領(lǐng)，然后可正式從事托心。

Supporting: that is, supporting all kinds of inlays and calligraphy and painting hearts. Inlays include silk, silk, brocade, brocade and paper inlays. You can start with supporting and inlaying paper (or covering and backing paper), master the essentials of brushing paste and supporting paper, and then learn to support and dye silk with color water. It is more difficult to support the calligraphy and painting heart than the material. If the material fails, it is only the price of rice paper and silk. However, if the heart fails, the consequences will be serious. Therefore, beginners should be prepared and taken seriously. When learning the support center, first use various rice paper with thin texture and weak tension to simulate the support center. Wet heart, flying support, riding support and other support methods should be practiced several times. Then prepare some traditional Chinese painting or calligraphy exercises that have no artistic value for trial support. After repeated practice, you can gradually master the basic essentials of heart care, and then you can officially engage in heart care.

裁： 即“用刀”的基本功，如方心、下料(包括裁距條、包邊紙)、齊邊、裁配覆背紙等。初學(xué)者，可先用廢紙頭，廢綾邊進行剌裁練習。注意掌握持刀正、運刀穩(wěn)、用力輕的要領(lǐng)，防止走刀、啃尺、滑尺或用力過重。即而再進行裁距條和包邊紙的練習，然后方可進行方心、下料和齊邊工序的實習。

Cutting: the basic skills of "using a knife", such as square center, blanking (including cutting distance strip and edge wrapping paper), edge alignment, cutting with backing paper, etc. For beginners, you can use waste paper head and waste silk edge to practice cutting. Pay attention to the essentials of holding the knife correctly, transporting the knife stably and using light force to prevent walking the knife, gnawing the ruler, sliding ruler or using too much force. That is, the practice of cutting distance strip and edge wrapping paper can be carried out, and then the practice of square center, blanking and edge alignment can be carried out.

鑲： 包括書畫的鑲活、回邊或包邊以及折貼串口等內(nèi)容。初學(xué)時，亦采用模擬方法進行?？扇∫恍╄偧埡途c絹廢邊料，練習鑲接、回邊、包邊和折貼串口的基本功。練習鑲活時，要注意漿口小巧均勻，漿糊用量適中，鑲縫慰貼不綻?；剡吇虬叄笠?guī)矩習稱，平直如一。然后再用一些書畫習作繼續(xù)進行練習，達到基本要求后，方可從事正式鑲活。

Inlay: including inlay of calligraphy and painting, back edge or wrapping, folding serial port and so on. At the beginning of learning, the simulation method is also used. Take some waste edge materials of inlaid paper and silk, and practice the basic skills of inlay, edge return, edge wrapping and folding serial port. When practicing inlay, pay attention to the small and uniform size of the pulp mouth, the moderate amount of paste, and the inlay and comfort paste will not crack. Return or wrap the edges, which shall be customary and straight as one. Then continue to practice with some calligraphy and painting exercises. After meeting the basic requirements, you can engage in formal inlaying.

覆： 即書畫的覆背工序，其操作方法與要領(lǐng)和托料有相同之處。主要側(cè)重于練習裁配覆背紙、上絹包首和貼耳子、簽紙及角絆的方法。常用的覆背方法有兩種，即座覆和搭覆，可分別進行練習。初學(xué)覆背時，也可采用一些書畫習作進行練習，以免出現(xiàn)問題而造成較大的損失。

Covering: that is, the back covering process of calligraphy and painting. Its operation method is the same as the essentials and supporting materials. It mainly focuses on practicing the methods of cutting back covering paper, putting on silk bag head, sticking ears, signing paper and angle tripping. There are two common methods of covering the back, namely seat covering and lap covering, which can be practiced separately. When learning repetition for the first time, you can also use some calligraphy and painting exercises to practice, so as to avoid problems and cause great losses.

裝： 即上桿，包括下掙子、砑活、剔邊、批串、量桿、制桿、上桿和拴絳等工序。其中砑活、剔邊、量桿和制桿等工序，同樣可采取模擬的方法進行練習。其他工序可在技術(shù)人員的指導(dǎo)下進行實習。在這個練習中要注意以下幾個問題：下掙子時，力求余邊要全，嚴防幅面打折;砑活時，要求砑光砑勻;剔邊要凈，批串要正;量桿要標準，制桿要規(guī)矩，上桿要得體。

Installation: that is, the upper rod, including the processes of lower earner, calendering, edge trimming, batch string, measuring rod, rod making, upper rod and tapering. Among them, the processes of calendering, trimming, measuring rod and rod making can also be practiced by simulation. Other processes can be practiced under the guidance of technicians. In this exercise, we should pay attention to the following problems: when making money, we should strive to complete the remaining edges and strictly prevent format discounts; During calendering, it is required to calender evenly; Clean the edges and correct the batch string; The measuring rod should be standard, the rod making should be regular, and the rod should be decent.

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